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Rijndael S-box

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The Rijndael S-box is a substitution box (lookup table) used in the Rijndael cipher, on which the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) cryptographic algorithm is based.[1]

Forward S-box

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AES S-box
00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0a 0b 0c 0d 0e 0f
00 63 7c 77 7b f2 6b 6f c5 30 01 67 2b fe d7 ab 76
10 ca 82 c9 7d fa 59 47 f0 ad d4 a2 af 9c a4 72 c0
20 b7 fd 93 26 36 3f f7 cc 34 a5 e5 f1 71 d8 31 15
30 04 c7 23 c3 18 96 05 9a 07 12 80 e2 eb 27 b2 75
40 09 83 2c 1a 1b 6e 5a a0 52 3b d6 b3 29 e3 2f 84
50 53 d1 00 ed 20 fc b1 5b 6a cb be 39 4a 4c 58 cf
60 d0 ef aa fb 43 4d 33 85 45 f9 02 7f 50 3c 9f a8
70 51 a3 40 8f 92 9d 38 f5 bc b6 da 21 10 ff f3 d2
80 cd 0c 13 ec 5f 97 44 17 c4 a7 7e 3d 64 5d 19 73
90 60 81 4f dc 22 2a 90 88 46 ee b8 14 de 5e 0b db
a0 e0 32 3a 0a 49 06 24 5c c2 d3 ac 62 91 95 e4 79
b0 e7 c8 37 6d 8d d5 4e a9 6c 56 f4 ea 65 7a ae 08
c0 ba 78 25 2e 1c a6 b4 c6 e8 dd 74 1f 4b bd 8b 8a
d0 70 3e b5 66 48 03 f6 0e 61 35 57 b9 86 c1 1d 9e
e0 e1 f8 98 11 69 d9 8e 94 9b 1e 87 e9 ce 55 28 df
f0 8c a1 89 0d bf e6 42 68 41 99 2d 0f b0 54 bb 16
The column is determined by the least significant nibble, and the row by the most significant nibble. For example, the value 9a16 is converted into b816.

The S-box maps an 8-bit input, c, to an 8-bit output, s = S(c). Both the input and output are interpreted as polynomials over GF(2). First, the input is mapped to its multiplicative inverse in GF(28) = GF(2) [x]/(x8 + x4 + x3 + x + 1), Rijndael's finite field. Zero, as the identity, is mapped to itself. This transformation is known as the Nyberg S-box after its inventor Kaisa Nyberg.[2] The multiplicative inverse is then transformed using the following affine transformation:

where [s7, ..., s0] is the S-box output and [b7, ..., b0] is the multiplicative inverse as a vector.

This affine transformation is the sum of multiple rotations of the byte as a vector, where addition is the XOR operation:

where b represents the multiplicative inverse, is the bitwise XOR operator, is a left bitwise circular shift, and the constant 6316 = 011000112 is given in hexadecimal.

An equivalent formulation of the affine transformation is

where s, b, and c are 8 bit arrays, c is 011000112, and subscripts indicate a reference to the indexed bit.[3]

Another equivalent is:

[4][5]

where is polynomial multiplication of and taken as bit arrays.

Inverse S-box

[edit]
Inverse S-box
00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0a 0b 0c 0d 0e 0f
00 52 09 6a d5 30 36 a5 38 bf 40 a3 9e 81 f3 d7 fb
10 7c e3 39 82 9b 2f ff 87 34 8e 43 44 c4 de e9 cb
20 54 7b 94 32 a6 c2 23 3d ee 4c 95 0b 42 fa c3 4e
30 08 2e a1 66 28 d9 24 b2 76 5b a2 49 6d 8b d1 25
40 72 f8 f6 64 86 68 98 16 d4 a4 5c cc 5d 65 b6 92
50 6c 70 48 50 fd ed b9 da 5e 15 46 57 a7 8d 9d 84
60 90 d8 ab 00 8c bc d3 0a f7 e4 58 05 b8 b3 45 06
70 d0 2c 1e 8f ca 3f 0f 02 c1 af bd 03 01 13 8a 6b
80 3a 91 11 41 4f 67 dc ea 97 f2 cf ce f0 b4 e6 73
90 96 ac 74 22 e7 ad 35 85 e2 f9 37 e8 1c 75 df 6e
a0 47 f1 1a 71 1d 29 c5 89 6f b7 62 0e aa 18 be 1b
b0 fc 56 3e 4b c6 d2 79 20 9a db c0 fe 78 cd 5a f4
c0 1f dd a8 33 88 07 c7 31 b1 12 10 59 27 80 ec 5f
d0 60 51 7f a9 19 b5 4a 0d 2d e5 7a 9f 93 c9 9c ef
e0 a0 e0 3b 4d ae 2a f5 b0 c8 eb bb 3c 83 53 99 61
f0 17 2b 04 7e ba 77 d6 26 e1 69 14 63 55 21 0c 7d

The inverse S-box is simply the S-box run in reverse. For example, the inverse S-box of b816 is 9a16. It is calculated by first calculating the inverse affine transformation of the input value, followed by the multiplicative inverse. The inverse affine transformation is as follows:

The inverse affine transformation also represents the sum of multiple rotations of the byte as a vector, where addition is the XOR operation:

where is the bitwise XOR operator, is a left bitwise circular shift, and the constant 516 = 000001012 is given in hexadecimal.

Design criteria

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The Rijndael S-box was specifically designed to be resistant to linear and differential cryptanalysis. This was done by minimizing the correlation between linear transformations of input/output bits, and at the same time minimizing the difference propagation probability.

The Rijndael S-box can be replaced in the Rijndael cipher,[1] which defeats the suspicion of a backdoor built into the cipher that exploits a static S-box. The authors claim that the Rijndael cipher structure is likely to provide enough resistance against differential and linear cryptanalysis even if an S-box with "average" correlation / difference propagation properties is used (cf. the "optimal" properties of the Rijndael S-box).

Example implementation in C language

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The following C code calculates the S-box:

#include <stdint.h>

#define ROTL8(x,shift) ((uint8_t) ((x) << (shift)) | ((x) >> (8 - (shift))))

void initialize_aes_sbox(uint8_t sbox[256]) {
	uint8_t p = 1, q = 1;
	
	/* loop invariant: p * q == 1 in the Galois field */
	do {
		/* multiply p by 3 */
		p = p ^ (p << 1) ^ (p & 0x80 ? 0x1B : 0);

		/* divide q by 3 (equals multiplication by 0xf6) */
		q ^= q << 1;
		q ^= q << 2;
		q ^= q << 4;
		q ^= q & 0x80 ? 0x09 : 0;

		/* compute the affine transformation */
		uint8_t xformed = q ^ ROTL8(q, 1) ^ ROTL8(q, 2) ^ ROTL8(q, 3) ^ ROTL8(q, 4);

		sbox[p] = xformed ^ 0x63;
	} while (p != 1);

	/* 0 is a special case since it has no inverse */
	sbox[0] = 0x63;
}

References

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  1. ^ a b "The Rijndael Block Cipher" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-11-11.
  2. ^ Nyberg K. (1991) Perfect nonlinear S-boxes. In: Davies D.W. (eds) Advances in Cryptology – EUROCRYPT ’91. EUROCRYPT 1991. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 547. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
  3. ^ "The Advanced Encryption Standard" (PDF). FIPS PUB 197: the official AES standard. Federal Information Processing Standard. 2001-11-26. Retrieved 2010-04-29.
  4. ^ Jörg J. Buchholz (2001-12-19). "Matlab implementation of the Advanced Encryption Standard" (PDF).
  5. ^ Jie Cui; Liusheng Huang; Hong Zhong; Chinchen Chang; Wei Yang (May 2011). "An Improved AES S-box and Its Performance Analysis" (PDF).