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Le Figaro

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Le Figaro
border
Front page of 22 November 2015
TypeDaily newspaper
(since 16 November 1866)
FormatBerliner
Owner(s)Groupe Figaro (Dassault Group)
EditorAlexis Brézet[1]
Founded15 January 1826; 198 years ago (1826-01-15)
Political alignment
LanguageFrench
Headquarters14 Boulevard Haussmann
75009 Paris
CountryFrance
Circulation354,853 (total, 2022)[7]
84,000 (digital, 2018)[8]
ISSN0182-5852 (print)
1638-606X (web)
OCLC number473539292
Websitewww.lefigaro.fr

Le Figaro (French: [lə fiɡaʁo] ⓘ) is a French daily morning newspaper founded in 1826. It was named after Figaro, a character in a play by polymath Beaumarchais (1732–1799); one of his lines became the paper's motto: "Without the freedom to criticise, there is no flattering praise".

The oldest national newspaper in France, Le Figaro is one of three French newspapers of record, along with Le Monde and Libération.[9] Since 2004, the newspaper has been owned by Dassault Group. Its editorial director has been Alexis Brézet since 2012.[10] Le Figaro is the second-largest national newspaper in France, after Le Monde.[11] It has a centre-right editorial stance and is headquartered on Boulevard Haussmann in the 9th arrondissement of Paris.[9] Other Groupe Figaro publications include Le Figaro Magazine, TV Magazine and Evene. The paper is published in Berliner format.

History

[edit]
6th issue, 20 January 1826
Front page of Le Figaro, 4 August 1914

Le Figaro was founded as a satirical weekly in 1826,[12][13] taking its name and motto from Le Mariage de Figaro, the 1778 play by Pierre Beaumarchais that poked fun at privilege. Its motto, from Figaro's monologue in the play's final act, is "Sans la liberté de blâmer, il n'est point d'éloge flatteur" ("Without the freedom to criticise, there is no flattering praise"). In 1833, editor Nestor Roqueplan fought a duel with a Colonel Gallois, who was offended by an article in Le Figaro, and was wounded but recovered.[14] Albert Wolff, Émile Zola, Jean-Baptiste Alphonse Karr, Théophile Gautier, and Jules Arsène Arnaud Claretie were among the paper's early contributors. It was published somewhat irregularly until 1854, when it was taken over by Hippolyte de Villemessant.

In 1866, Le Figaro became a daily newspaper.[15] Its first daily edition, that of 16 November 1866, sold 56,000 copies, having highest circulation of any newspaper in France. Its editorial line was royalist.[16] Pauline Savari was among the contributors to the paper at this time.

On 20 February 1909 Le Figaro published a manifesto signed by Filippo Tommaso Marinetti which initiated the establishment of Futurism in art.[17]

On 16 March 1914, Gaston Calmette, the editor of Le Figaro, was assassinated by Henriette Caillaux, the wife of Finance Minister Joseph Caillaux, after he published a letter that cast serious doubt on her husband's integrity.[18] In 1922, Le Figaro was purchased by perfume millionaire François Coty.[19] Abel Faivre did cartoons for the paper.[20] Coty enraged many in March 1929 when he renamed the paper simply Figaro, which it remained until 1933.[21]

By the start of World War II, Le Figaro had become France's leading newspaper. After the war, it became the voice of the upper middle class, and continues to maintain a conservative position.

Share of the Société du Figaro, issued 13 June 1923

In 1975, Le Figaro was bought by Robert Hersant's Socpresse. In 1999, The Carlyle Group obtained a 40% stake in the paper, which it later sold in March 2002. Since March 2004, Le Figaro has been controlled by Serge Dassault,[12] a conservative businessman and politician best known for running the aircraft manufacturer Dassault Aviation, which he inherited from his father, its founder, Marcel Dassault (1892–1986). Dassault owns 80% of the paper, by way of its media subsidiary Groupe Figaro.[12]

Franz-Olivier Giesbert was editorial director of Le Figaro from 1998 to 2000.[22]

In 2006, Le Figaro was banned in Egypt and Tunisia for publishing articles allegedly insulting Islam.[23][24]

Le Figaro switched to Berliner format in 2009.[25] The paper has published The New York Times International Weekly on Friday since 2009, an 8-page supplement featuring a selection of articles from The New York Times translated into French. In 2010, Lefigaro.fr created a section called Le Figaro in English,[26] which provides the global English-speaking community with daily original or translated content from Le Figaro's website. The section ended in 2012.[27]

In the 2010s, Le Figaro saw future presidential candidate Éric Zemmour's columns garner great interest among readers that would later serve to launch his political career.[28]

[edit]
  • Logo during the 1820s
    Logo during the 1820s
  • Logo from an 1854 issue
    Logo from an 1854 issue
  • Logo since the 1920s
    Logo since the 1920s
  • Logo of Le Figaro from a 1952 issue
    Logo of Le Figaro from a 1952 issue

Editorial stance and controversies

[edit]
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Le Figaro has traditionally held a conservative editorial stance, becoming the voice of the French upper and middle classes.[10] More recently, the newspaper's political stance has become more centrist.

The newspaper's ownership by Serge Dassault was a source of controversy in terms of conflict-of-interest, as Dassault also owned a major military supplier and served in political positions from the Union for a Popular Movement party. His son Olivier Dassault served as a member of the French National Assembly.[29] Dassault has remarked in an interview in 2004 on the public radio station France Inter that "newspapers must promulgate healthy ideas" and that "left-wing ideas are not healthy ideas."[30]

In February 2012, a general assembly of the newspaper's journalists adopted a motion accusing the paper's managing editor, Étienne Mougeotte, of having made Le Figaro into the "bulletin" of the governing party, the Union for a Popular Movement, of the government and of President Nicolas Sarkozy. They requested more pluralism and "honesty" and accused the paper of one-sided political reporting. Mougeotte had previously said that Le Figaro would do nothing to embarrass the government and the right.[31][32][33] Mougeotte publicly replied: "Our editorial line pleases our readers as it is, it works. I don't see why I should change it. [...] We are a right-wing newspaper and we express it clearly, by the way. Our readers know it, our journalists too. There's nothing new to that!"[34]

Circulation history

[edit]

In the period of 1995–96, the paper had a circulation of 391,533 copies, behind Le Parisien's 451,159 copies.[35]

Year 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Circulation 366,690 360,909 366,529 369,108 369,706 365,083 337,118 332,818 338,618 330,482 323,991 325,509
Year 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Circulation 329,367 330,952 324,170 320,732 317,152 311,127 312,994 313,694 329,462 331,927

Le Figaro Group

[edit]

Le Figaro formed the Groupe Figaro (a subsidiary of the Marcel Dassault Industrial Group). The former company, Socpresse, which was dismantled in 2005, officially became Dassault Media (Figaro Group) in 2011.[36]

The Daily Le Figaro and Its Supplements

[edit]

The newspaper was accompanied by two daily supplements: Le Figaro Économie, since 1984, printed on salmon-colored paper, and Le Figaro et vous, since 2005, dedicated to culture and lifestyle.

Additionally:

Other Supplements, Sections, and Titles

[edit]
  • Le Figaro Patrimoine was a monthly supplement of Le Figaro.
  • Le Figaro Étudiant was a monthly supplement of Le Figaro.
  • F, l'art de vivre du Figaro (formerly Almaviva)[37] was a supplement of Le Figaro published six times a year (September, October, November, March, April, May) since September 2015.
  • Figaro plus was a thematic supplement (sports or others) published irregularly;
  • Le Figaro demain[38] was an irregularly published supplement;
  • Paris Chic was a section of about thirty pages offering a selection of articles from the "Et vous" section, dedicated to lifestyle and the Figaroscope, aimed at wealthy Chinese visitors in Paris.
  • The Figaro Group relaunched the title Jours de France, specializing in celebrity news and European royal families. It first appeared as a website in 2011, then as a quarterly print magazine from August 7, 2013.[39]
  • Every week, a volume of the "essentials" of the Encyclopædia Universalis was sold as a supplement on Tuesdays, with the first volume being free. This encyclopedia contained 6,000 articles, 17,000 notices, and 200,000 links.

Online Edition, lefigaro.fr

[edit]

lefigaro.fr
Type of site
Online Newspaper
Founded1999
HeadquartersParis, Île-de-France,
France
OwnerLe Figaro
URLlefigaro.fr

The online newspaper's address has been lefigaro.fr since 1999.

In January 2010, lefigaro.fr introduced features reserved for subscribers.[40] Access to archived articles was also made available for a fee. In September 2011, the newspaper launched an online wine magazine. In February 2014, FigaroVox, a platform for debates and ideas, was launched.[41][42]

In 2008, Le Figaro became the leading news site on the Internet according to Internet audience data published by Nielsen Médiamétrie/NetRatings.[43] On November 17, 2011, the site was awarded the title of "Best Mobile Media" for the second time at the 2011 Mobile Internet Trophies.[44] In 2013, it was still ranked as the leading French online press site in France.[45] In November of the same year, it broke the record of 11 million unique visitors on a French news website.[46]

On April 13, 2015, Figaro Premium was launched, a paid offer (€9.90 per month initially, increasing to €15; free for newspaper subscribers). It provided access to all articles from Le Figaro and its related magazines in a more comfortable reading format with minimal advertising, available from 10 p.m. the evening before the print publication. At this stage, digital activities represented 25% of the group's revenue and 22% of advertising revenue. Various platforms were simultaneously created: Scan Politique, Scan Sport, Scan TV, Figaro Immobilier, Figaro Jardin, and recently, Scan Éco.[47]

The number of digital subscribers grew rapidly. In 2017, Le Figaro had 80,000 digital subscribers, in addition to 70,000 subscribers to both print and digital editions.[48] In 2019, it was among the 50 most visited sites in France[49] and had 130,000 digital subscribers.[50] The milestone of 200,000 website subscribers was reached in November 2020.[51]

A study conducted in early 2020 by a cybersecurity company indicated that the personal data of the newspaper's website subscribers had been exposed on an unprotected server.[52] In July 2021, the National Commission for Informatics and Liberties fined Le Figaro €50,000 for installing third-party cookies without users' consent, in violation of the GDPR.[53]

FigaroVox

[edit]

FigaroVox is an online section of figaro.fr created in 2014 by Alexis Brézet, a former journalist at Valeurs actuelles (from 1987 to 2000)[54], "holding a very right-wing line"[55], on the advice of Patrick Buisson[56], a figure associated with Nicolas Sarkozy's shift to the far right in 2012.[54] FigaroVox was an extension of the "debates and opinions" pages of the print daily on Internet[57]; appearing on the homepage of Figaro's website, FigaroVox articles accentuated the political character of this daily.[54] The journalists contributing to FigaroVox were positioned at the crossroads of the right, practicing Catholicism, and the "new reactionaries".[58] FigaroVox was led by Vincent Trémolet de Villers, who co-authored a book on La Manif pour tous (And France Awoke. An Investigation into the Revolution of Values).[54] It was edited by Alexandre Devecchio, a former journalist for the site Atlantico.[54] Its contributors included Maxime Tandonnet, a former advisor on immigration to Nicolas Sarkozy, and Gilles-William Goldnadel, an attorney for Patrick Buisson.[54]

FigaroVox's preferred themes were "the decline of the republican school, poorly controlled immigration, and Islam as the primary threat to national identity".[55]

Sociologist Philippe Corcuff considered FigaroVox an "ultraconservative" section.[59] Sociologist Jean-Louis Schlegel of the magazine Esprit described it as a platform for "the right of the right", akin to Causeur or Valeurs actuelles.[60] Political scientist Eszter Petronella suggested that FigaroVox allowed Le Figaro to "balance" the more moderate positions of the print daily by giving voice to an "identitarian and militant journalism," thereby catering to the needs of all readers.[61] Nolwenn Le Blevennec of Rue89 described it as a

platform for the hard right of Le Figaro

.[55] Information science specialist Aurélie Olivesi noted the proximity between the "polemical site" FigaroVox and the magazine Causeur, with some journalists having worked for both media.[62] According to Causeur, the section opened its doors to authors from both the left and the right.[57] According to Nolwenn Le Blevennec, however, FigaroVox was haunted by an "identitarian obsession," exhibited an ultra-conservative and sovereignist editorial line, and remained a platform where

one could read the National Front in the text, or link Islam and Daesh

. Left-wing figures, such as Gaël Brustier, Jean-Luc Mélenchon, and Thomas Guénolé[57], were invited "sometimes"[55] or more regularly like Laurent Bouvet.[63] Éric Zemmour and Alain Finkielkraut were very appreciated there.[55] According to L'Express, the invited authors included liberals and left-wing sovereignists, but in larger numbers were advocates of the "conservative reaction." These intellectuals and polemicists used the platform to criticize globalization.[64]

Since 2019, the section has been headed by Guillaume Perrault; Alexandre Devecchio, whom Le Monde associates with the far right[65], was its deputy editor. In 2020, the section had six regular columnists, Bertille Bayart, Nicolas Baverez, Renaud Girard, Mathieu Bock-Côté, Luc Ferry, Ivan Rioufol, along with guest contributors.[57]

Participation and Subsidiaries

[edit]

In February 2006, Le Figaro acquired the sports information and content site sport24.com, which had already been managing the sports section of Figaro.fr since 2004; this was the first time that Figaro made such an acquisition.[66] In May 2007, Le Figaro purchased the cultural site evene.fr, which quickly found synergies with Le Figaroscope[67], and then in June 2007, the ticketing service Ticketac.com was acquired by the group.[68] In 2008, the group took over the company Météo Consult, which included La Chaîne Météo[69], and in December 2008, it acquired La Banque Audiovisuelle, the publishing company of vodeo.tv, through its subsidiary The Skreenhouse Factory, dedicated to TV and video on the Internet. On May 18, 2009, it purchased Particulier et Finances Éditions, which included Le Particulier, Le Particulier pratique, Le Particulier Immobilier, and La Lettre des Placements, as well as about thirty practical guides and the site leparticulier.fr.[69] In September 2010, it took over Adenclassifieds, following a friendly takeover bid; the subsidiary became Figaro Classifieds[70], which included Cadremploi, Keljob.com, kelformation, kelstage, kelsalaire.net, CVmail, Explorimmo, CadresOnline, OpenMedia, Seminus, Microcode, achat-terrain.com[71]. The sites achat-terrain.com and constructeurs-maisons.com, created in 2005, were acquired in September 2012[72]. Campus-Channel, a video platform for students launched in 2011, was acquired by Figaro Classifieds in June 2014[73]. In 2015,[74] CCM Benchmark Group was acquired at 100%, including leading websites like L'Internaute, Journal du Net, Le Journal des femmes, Droit-finances.net… The acquisition of these leading sites allowed Figaro to move from the fifteenth place in non-mobile web traffic to fourth place, with 24 million unique visitors, behind Google (41 million), Microsoft (35 million), and Facebook (26 million).[75]

Group Partnerships

[edit]

Le Figaro sponsored the sailing race, the Solitaire du Figaro, since its creation in 1970.

The newspaper and the Center for Political Research at Sciences Po (CEVIPOF) presented their "Political Studies." Le Figaro replaced Le Monde as a partner of the program Le Grand Jury in September 2006.

In partnership with Dargaud Benelux, the newspaper launched in 2010 a 20-volume collection of XIII in a "prestige" edition[76] and a pre-publication of the latest volumes of the series throughout the summer of the same year in Le Figaro Magazine. Additionally, the daily also offered a selection of comic books, from Largo Winch to Blake and Mortimer to Gaston, Tintin, Lucky Luke, and Spirou and Fantasio.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Brexit: Europe's media eye more referendums". BBC News. 27 June 2016. Retrieved 9 June 2020.
  2. ^ Martin, Thomas; Binet, Laurent (2018). "Left Versus Right, or Mainstream Versus Margins? Divisions in French Media and Reactions to the 'Brexit' Vote". In Anthony Ridge-Newman; Fernando León-Solís; Hugh O'Donnell (eds.). Reporting the Road to Brexit: International Media and the EU Referendum 2016. Springer. p. 146. ISBN 978-3-319-73681-5.
  3. ^ Anna Galluzzi, ed. (2014). Libraries and Public Perception: A Comparative Analysis of the European Press. Elsevier. p. 29. ISBN 978-1-78063-425-8.
  4. ^ Eric Kaufmann, ed. (2019). Whiteshift: Populism, Immigration, and the Future of White Majorities. Abrams. ISBN 978-1-4683-1698-8. Two newer stars on the French right are Renaud Camus, author of Le Grand Remplacement (The Great Replacement) and Éric Zemmour, an observant Jew of Algerian provenance who wrote for the centre-right Le Figaro.
  5. ^ Semi Purhonen; Riie Heikkilä; Irmak Karademir Hazir, eds. (2018). Enter Culture, Exit Arts?: The Transformation of Cultural Hierarchies in European Newspaper Culture Sections, 1960–2010. Routledge. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-351-72804-1.
  6. ^ a b Raymond Kuh, The Media in France. Routledge, London and New York, 1995. Retrieved 4 September 2016.
  7. ^ "Le Figaro − History". Alliance pour les chiffres de la presse et des médias (in French). n.d. Archived from the original on 24 June 2023. Retrieved 24 June 2023.
  8. ^ Le Figaro internationalmediasales.net
  9. ^ a b "Le Figaro – French newspaper".
  10. ^ a b "The press in France". 11 November 2006 – via news.bbc.co.uk.
  11. ^ "Quel bilan pour la presse en 2020?" [What balance sheet for the press in 2020?]. Europe 1 (in French). Agence France-Presse. 11 February 2021. Archived from the original on 5 December 2021. Retrieved 24 June 2023.
  12. ^ a b c "The press in France". BBC. 11 November 2006. Retrieved 22 November 2014.
  13. ^ "Media Landscape Media Claims" (PDF). European Social Survey. May 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 August 2014. Retrieved 12 January 2015.
  14. ^ Millingen, J.G. (2004). The History of Dueling Including Narratives of the Most Remarkable Encounters.
  15. ^ "Historical development of the media in France" (PDF). McGraw-Hill Education. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 February 2015. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
  16. ^ Alan Grubb, The Politics of Pessimism: Albert de Broglie and Conservative Politics in the Early Third Republic
  17. ^ Simonetta Falasca-Zamponi (1992). The aestheticization of politics: A study of power in Mussolini's fascist Italy (PhD thesis). University of California, Berkeley. p. 67. ISBN 979-8-207-42060-8. ProQuest 303984014.
  18. ^ Sarah Sissmann and Christophe Barbier, "Une épouse outragée" Archived 3 July 2006 at the Wayback Machine, L'Express, 30 August 2004. Retrieved 27 January 2007.
  19. ^ Janet Flanner (3 May 1930),"Perfume and Politics", The New Yorker. Republished 7 May 2005. Retrieved 27 January 2007.
  20. ^ "Deposit Your Gold for France. Gold Fights for Victory". World Digital Library. 1915. Retrieved 26 October 2013.
  21. ^ Roulhac Toledano, Elizabeth Z. Coty, "Napoleon of the Press","François Coty: Fragrance, Power, Money". Retrieved 28 May 2018
  22. ^ "Franz-Olivier Giesbert". Le Soir (in French). 26 October 2022. Archived from the original on 23 June 2023. Retrieved 23 June 2023.
  23. ^ "The impact of blasphemy laws on human Rights" (Policy Brief). Freedom House. Retrieved 29 September 2013.
  24. ^ "Tunisia, Egypt ban newspaper editions on controversy over pope's comments". CPJ. New York. 27 September 2006. Retrieved 29 September 2013.
  25. ^ "Le Figaro". Euro Topics. Archived from the original on 13 April 2015. Retrieved 25 February 2015.
  26. ^ "Mon Figaro - Cercle - Le Figaro in English - articles". Le Figaro. Archived from the original on 5 July 2012. Retrieved 5 July 2012.
  27. ^ "Mon Figaro - This Week's Top Stories from France". Le Figaro. 26 April 2012. Retrieved 5 July 2012.
  28. ^ "Présidentielle 2022 : Zemmour se retire du Figaro pour la promotion de son livre, un pas de plus vers une candidature ?", Le Parisien (in French), 1 September 2021.
  29. ^ "Dassault se sépare d'Yves de Chaisemartin", Le Figaro, 1 October 2004. Retrieved 27 January 2007.
  30. ^ "M. Dassault veut une presse aux « idées saines »", Le Monde, 12 December 2004. Retrieved 27 January 2007.
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  32. ^ "La question du jour. "Le Figaro" est-il un journal d'opinion ou un "bulletin" de l'UMP?", Le Nouvel Observateur, 10 February 2012
  33. ^ "Présidentielle : les journalistes du Figaro réclament un journal plus « honnête »", Rue89, 9 February 2012
  34. ^ ""Le Figaro" : Mougeotte répond aux critiques de ses journalistes", Le Nouvel Observateur, 10 February 2012
  35. ^ Media Policy: Convergence, Concentration & Commerce. SAGE Publications. 24 September 1998. p. 10. ISBN 978-1-4462-6524-6. Retrieved 3 February 2014.
  36. ^ "Olivier Dassault: The Journey, Professional Career". olivierdassault.fr. 2011..
  37. ^ "Read F, l'art de vivre online". Le Kiosque Figaro Digital. Retrieved 9 June 2020..
  38. ^ https://www.lefigaro.fr/demain
  39. ^ "The Figaro Group Relaunches the Jours de France Magazine with Quarterly Frequency". offremedia.com. 23 July 2013..
  40. ^ "Official announcement of the launch of the premium offer at the beginning of 2010".
  41. ^ Thierry Wojciak, "Figaro Vox: a platform for debates and ideas," CBS News, February 3, 2014.
  42. ^ Alexandre Debouté, "Le Figaro launches the debate platform FigaroVox," Le Figaro, February 3, 2014.
  43. ^ M.-C. B. (16 July 2008). "Lefigaro.fr, the leading general news site". Le Figaro. Retrieved 9 June 2020..
  44. ^ "Le Figaro.fr "Best Mobile Media"". Le Figaro. 18 November 2011. Retrieved 9 June 2020..
  45. ^ Benjamin Ferran, "Le Figaro redesigns its website to better tell the news", in Le Figaro, "Economy" section, Wednesday, November 6, 2013, page 27.
  46. ^ Enguérand Renault, "Audience record for the Figaro website", "Economy" section, Thursday, January 2, 2014, p. 24.
  47. ^ Chloé Woitier, "Le Figaro Premium arrives Monday", Le Figaro, Saturday 11 / Sunday 12 April 2015, p. 24.
  48. ^ "Le Monde and Le Figaro join forces in online advertising". bfmbusiness.bfmtv.com (in French). Retrieved 20 July 2017..
  49. ^ Top sites in France - Alexa Rank
  50. ^ "Goodbye Le Figaro.fr, hello Le Figaro". Le Figaro.fr (in French). 9 October 2019. Retrieved 14 November 2019.
  51. ^ Debouté, Alexandre (3 November 2020). "Le Figaro reaches 200,000 digital subscribers". Le Figaro.fr (in French). Retrieved 16 November 2020.
  52. ^ Damien Leloup (30 April 2020). "Personal data of thousands of Figaro readers exposed on a server". Le Monde.fr. Retrieved 30 April 2020.
  53. ^ Killeen, Molly (30 July 2021). "Le Figaro fined 50,000 euros for GDPR violation". euractiv.fr (in French). Retrieved 1 August 2021..
  54. ^ a b c d e f "How "Le Figaro" covers UMP affairs". Le Monde.fr (in French). 19 March 2014. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  55. ^ a b c d e Nolwenn Le Blevennec (14 October 2015). "FigaroVox: Seeking a young pen who rejects its time". tempsreel.nouvelobs.com (in French)..
  56. ^ Ariane Chemin; Vanessa Schneider (2015). Le mauvais génie (in French). Paris: Fayard. ISBN 978-2-213-68664-6..
  57. ^ a b c d "At FigaroVox, multiple voices debate". causeur.fr (in French). 13 May 2016. Retrieved 26 December 2016..
  58. ^ RAISON DU CLEUZIOU Yann, "An Inverse Rally? The Neo-Republican Discourse of the Right Since the Manif pour tous," Mil neuf cent. Revue d'histoire intellectuelle, 2016/1 (n° 34), pp. 125-148. DOI: 10.3917/mnc.034.0125. URL: https://www-cairn-info.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/revue-mil-neuf-cent-2016-1-page-125.htm
  59. ^ Corcuff, Philippe (10 March 2021). The Great Confusion: How the Far-Right Wins the Battle of Ideas? (in French). Textuel. ISBN 978-2-84597-855-3. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  60. ^ SCHLEGEL Jean-Louis, "The Right in Search of Cultural Hegemony," Esprit, 2017/12 (December), pp. 25-30. DOI: 10.3917/espri.1712.0025. URL: https://www.cairn.info/revue-esprit-2017-12-page-25.htm
  61. ^ Template:Cite book chapter
  62. ^ Olivesi, Aurélie; Kergomard, Zoé (December 2020). ""Just as Orwell said": The Emergence of a "Dystopian Framing" in French Conservative Media in the 2010s". SFRA Review. 50 (4): 119–127. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  63. ^ Laurent Bouvet was so influential in our republican disputes! Le Figaro, Libération, l'Express, Le Point..., Claude Askolovitch, France Inter, December 20, 2021.
  64. ^ Tugdual Denis and Eric Mandonnet (3 November 2015). "Buisson, Zemmour, Villiers... The Demons of the Right". L'Express (in French). Retrieved 1 November 2023.
  65. ^ In an article titled "How the far right infiltrated the media", Le Monde discusses the shift of conservative Alexandre Devecchio, "deputy editor of the debate pages of Figaro" (FigaroVox) into the camp of reactionaries, "How the far right infiltrated the media". Le Monde.fr (in French). 8 July 2022. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  66. ^ "Le Figaro acquires Sport24.com". nouvelobs.com. 8 February 2006..
  67. ^ "Le Figaro acquires the cultural site evene.fr". strategies.fr. 22 May 2007..
  68. ^ "Le Figaro acquires the online ticketing service Ticketac". strategies.fr. 12 June 2007..
  69. ^ a b "Le Figaro acquires Meteo Consult to complement its online services". zdnet.fr (in French). 3 October 2008. Retrieved 6 September 2021.
  70. ^ "Le Figaro launches a takeover bid for the remainder of Adenclassifieds shares", http://www.lefigaro.fr, September 30, 2010.
  71. ^ Figaro Classifieds (2013). "Company History" (PDF). figaroclassifieds.fr..
  72. ^ Thierry Wojciak (18 June 2014). "Figaro Classifieds acquires Achat Terrain". nouvelobs.com..
  73. ^ Thierry Wojciak (18 June 2014). "Education: The Figaro Group acquires Campus Channel". cbnews.fr..
  74. ^ "The Figaro Group, with CCM Benchmark, becomes the French leader in digital media". FIGARO (in French). 1 October 2015. Retrieved 18 October 2017..
  75. ^ "Le Figaro makes a big move in digital"..
  76. ^ Template:Fr Thibaut Dary, "XIII: The VII Reasons for a Triumph," Le Figaro, June 29, 2010.

Further reading

[edit]
  • Merrill, John C. and Harold A. Fisher. The World's Great Dailies: Profiles of Fifty Newspapers (1980) pp 124–29
[edit]
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