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Foreign relations of Liberia

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Liberian foreign relations were traditionally stable and cordial throughout much of the 19th and 20th centuries, with a significant relationship with the United States, sharing close relations until the 1970s.[1][2][citation needed]

During the 1990s, Charles Taylor's presidency and the First and Second Liberian Civil Wars underscored Liberian relations with the Western world, the People's Republic of China, and its neighboring countries in Western Africa.[citation needed]

Stabilization in the 21st century brought a return to cordial relations with neighboring countries and much of the Western world. Liberia holds diplomatic relations with many western nations, including its long time partner the United States, as well as Russia, Cuba, and the People's Republic of China.

Diplomatic relations

[edit]

List of countries which Liberia maintains diplomatic relations with:

# Country Date
1  United Kingdom 1 August 1849[3]
2  France 20 April 1852[4]
3  United States 23 February 1864[5]
4  Belgium 5 June 1867[6]
—  Holy See 15 December 1927[7]
5  Chile 19 July 1945[8]
6  Netherlands 3 May 1949[9]
7  Spain 15 May 1950[10]
8  Lebanon 1 January 1951[11]
9  Italy 5 October 1951[12]
10  Haiti 29 June 1952[13]
11  Germany 23 July 1953[14]
12  Ghana June 1957[15]
13  Israel 22 August 1957[16]
14  Tunisia 1957[17]
15  Sweden 6 June 1958[18]
16  Egypt 11 June 1958[19]
17  Turkey 1 August 1958[20]
18  Dominican Republic 18 December 1958[21]
19  Ethiopia 1958[22]
20  Guinea 6 March 1959[23]
21  Serbia 15 September 1959[24]
—  Sovereign Military Order of Malta 1959[25]
22  Argentina 8 January 1960[26]
23  Morocco 5 April 1960[27]
24  Democratic Republic of the Congo 30 June 1960[28]
25  India 7 July 1960[29]
26   Switzerland 19 July 1960[30]
27  Togo 29 July 1960[31]
28  Nigeria 1 October 1960[32]
29  Mali 14 October 1960[33]
30  Cameroon 23 November 1960[34]
31  Luxembourg 20 January 1961[35]
32  Ivory Coast 31 July 1961[36]
33  Japan September 1961[37]
34  Sierra Leone 8 June 1962[38]
35  Sudan 8 August 1962[39]
36  Senegal 1962[40]
37  Austria 25 June 1963[41]
38  Denmark 11 July 1963[42]
39  Benin 1963[43]
40  Burkina Faso 1963[43]
41  Niger 1963[43]
42  South Korea 18 March 1964[44]
43  Kenya 21 May 1964[45]
44  Norway 17 February 1965[46]
45  Venezuela 16 March 1965[47]
46  Gambia 3 November 1965[48]
47  Trinidad and Tobago 6 December 1965[49]
48  Indonesia 1965[50]
49  Tanzania 27 May 1966[51]
50  Thailand 2 February 1967[52]
51  Mauritania 13 March 1967[53]
52  Uganda 5 April 1967[54]
53  Pakistan 1969[55][56]
54  Finland 24 March 1970[57]
55  Central African Republic 5 May 1970[58]
56  Canada 24 February 1971[59]
57  Algeria 31 December 1971[60]
58  Kuwait 1971[61]
59  Zambia 3 April 1972[62]
60  Romania 30 April 1972[63]
61  Russia 7 June 1972[64]
62  Poland 30 May 1973[65]
63  Czech Republic 15 October 1973[66]
64  North Korea 20 December 1973[67]
65  Guinea-Bissau 20 February 1974[68]
66  Saudi Arabia 30 March 1974[69]
67  Libya 1 April 1974[70]
68  Cuba 19 April 1974[71]
69  Philippines 20 May 1974[72]
70  Greece 29 May 1974[73]
71  Lesotho 4 July 1974[74]
72  Bulgaria 1 November 1974[75]
73  Guyana 11 November 1974[76]
74  Portugal 19 March 1975[77]
75  Iran 2 June 1975[78]
76  Gabon 17 June 1975[79]
77  Cape Verde 27 July 1975[80]
78  Mongolia 23 April 1976[81]
79  Brazil 8 June 1976[82]
80  Mexico 22 June 1976[83]
81  Hungary 15 July 1976[84]
82  China 17 February 1977[85]
83  Ecuador 31 March 1980[86]
84  Equatorial Guinea 1980[87]
85  Iraq 1980[87]
86  Somalia 1980[87]
87  Zimbabwe 15 October 1982[88]
88  Singapore 7 January 1987[89]
89  Colombia 28 September 1988[86]
90  Namibia 28 April 1990[90]
91  Slovenia 30 March 1993[91]
92  Azerbaijan 22 May 1996[92]
93  South Africa 10 January 1997[93]
94  Malaysia 1997[94]
95  Slovakia 6 March 1998[86]
96  Ukraine 24 September 1998[86]
97  Costa Rica Before 1999[12]
98  Cyprus 30 November 2000[86]
99  Ireland 2004[95]
100  Iceland 28 November 2006[86]
101  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 2 May 2007[86]
102  Uruguay 1 June 2007[86]
103  Estonia 28 June 2007[96]
104  Jordan 10 December 2007[97]
105  Malta 20 May 2008[86]
106  Australia 26 September 2008[86]
107  Mozambique 17 December 2008[98]
108  Malawi 26 February 2009[99]
109  United Arab Emirates 6 May 2009[100]
110  Qatar 3 November 2009[101]
111  Angola 3 December 2009[102]
112  Bosnia and Herzegovina 23 February 2010[86]
113  Georgia 4 March 2010[86]
114  Botswana 21 September 2010[103]
115  Tuvalu 28 August 2012[104]
—  Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (suspended)[105] 30 October 2012 or before[106]
116  Fiji 15 November 2012[86]
117  Montenegro 4 April 2014[86]
118  Latvia 10 April 2014[86]
119  Lithuania 23 April 2014[86]
120  New Zealand 26 August 2014[107]
121  Belarus 27 April 2016[86]
122  Kazakhstan 27 April 2016[86]
123  Kyrgyzstan 17 June 2016[108]
124  Vietnam 28 June 2016[109]
125  Laos 12 August 2016[110]
126  Myanmar 5 May 2017[111]
127  Rwanda 16 May 2017[112]
128    Nepal 17 August 2017[86]
129  Armenia 22 September 2017[113]
—  Kosovo 27 May 2018[114]
130  Burundi 22 January 2020[115]
131  Tajikistan 21 September 2022[86]
132  Jamaica 22 September 2022[86]
133  Barbados 29 February 2024[116]
134  Bahrain 26 September 2024[86]
135  Croatia 26 September 2024[86]
136  Uzbekistan 26 September 2024[117]
137  Chad Unknown
138  Republic of the Congo Unknown
139  Eswatini Unknown
140  Sri Lanka Unknown

Bilateral relations

[edit]
Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Algeria 31 December 1971 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 December 1971 when Algeria established first Mission and first Algerian Ambassador Mr. Zitouni Messaoudi presented his credentials to President of Liberia.[60]
 Belgium 5 June 1867 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 June 1867 when has been appointed Chargé d'Affaires of Liberia to Belgium (resident in Paris) M. le vicomte de Fleury.[6]
 Benin 1963 Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1963 when M. Pierre Cofi, the Ambassador of the Ivory Coast has presented his Letters of credence to President Tubman, from the Presidents of Republics of the Upper Volta, Niger and Dahomey, accrediting him Ambassador of the free states to the Republic of Liberia.[43]
 Botswana 21 September 2010 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 September 2010 whe Ambassador of Liberia to Botswana Mr. Lois Lewis Brutus presented his credentials to President Seretse Khama.[103]
 Cameroon 23 November 1960 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 November 1960 when open Embassy of Cameroon in Monrovia.[34]
 China 17 February 1977 See China–Liberia relations

Relations between the People's Republic of China (PRC) and Liberia have been broken and reestablished several times since February 17, 1977, when diplomatic relations between the PRC and Liberia were first formed.[118] The PRC broke off relations with Liberia on October 10, 1989, in response to Liberia's recognition of the Republic of China (Taiwan).[119]

Taiwan had offered $200 million in aid to Liberia for education and infrastructure in exchange for this recognition. The PRC reestablished relations with Liberia on August 10, 1993, and opened an embassy in Monrovia, making Liberia one of the few nations with established diplomatic ties to both the PRC and ROC.[120] In 1997, Charles Taylor's government proclaimed to recognize "two Chinas" and the PRC subsequently severed diplomatic relations.[121]

Liberia dropped diplomatic relations with the ROC on October 12, 2003, and reestablished ties with the People's Republic of China.[122] This move was seen largely as a result of the PRC's lobbying in the UN and plans to deploy a peacekeeping force in Liberia.[123]

 Cote d'Ivoire 31 July 1961 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 July 1961[36]
  • Ivory Coast has an embassy in Monrovia.
  • Liberia has an embassy in Abidjan.
 Denmark 31 December 1861[124][125]

25 July 1963

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 July 1963 when was accredited first Ambassador of Denmark to Liberia (resident in Accra) Mr. Hans Adolf Biering[126]
 Egypt 11 June 1958 Both countries established diplomatic relations and exchange diplomatic representations at ambassadorial level on 11 June 1958.[19]
 Equatorial Guinea 1980 Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1980 when has been accredited ambassador of Equatorial Guinea to Liberia, residing in Lagos M. Jose Walterio Okori Dougan.[87]
 Ethiopia 1958 Both countries have agreed to exchange diplomatic missions at Embassy level in 1958.[22]
 France 20 April 1852 See France–Liberia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 April 1852[4]

  • France recognized Liberia in 1852.[127]
  • France has an embassy in Monrovia.
  • Liberia has an embassy in Paris.
 Gambia 3 November 1965 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 November 1965 when has been accredited Ambassador of Liberia to Gambia Mr. R. Francis Okai (Jnr.).[48]
 Germany 23 July 1953 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 July 1953[14]

See Germany–Liberia relations

  • Liberia has an embassy in Berlin.
  • Germany has an embassy in Monrovia.[128]
 Ghana June 1957 Both countries established diplomatic relations in June 1957 when M. Abraham Benjamin Bah Kofi, Ghanaian Charge d'Affaires to Liberia presented his credentials to President Tubman.[15]
 Guinea 6 March 1959

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 March 1959 when Mr. Edward Peal, the Liberian Ambassador to the Republic of Guinea, presented his credentials to President S. Toure.[23]

The First Liberian Civil War, instigated by Charles Taylor and the National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL) on December 24, 1989, eventually spread to neighboring Sierra Leone in 1991 when dissidents of the Revolutionary United Front (RUF), led by Foday Sankoh, began using Liberia as a staging ground for NPFL backed military assaults on border towns in Sierra Leone.[129][130][131]

By 1992, 120,000 people had fled from Sierra Leone to Guinea due to the RUF's practice of targeting civilians. In 2001, Liberian forces along with the RUF began attacking and burning refugee camps and Guinean villages along the border. In an inflammatory speech the Guinean president Lansana Conté, blamed the refugees for the border destabilization and alleged that the vast majority of refugees were rebels.[129]

He called for the Guinean population to defend its nation. This call precipitated attacks, beatings, rapes, and abductions of refugees by Guinean police and military forces. This reversal of Guinea's previously open policy towards refugees, further escalated the refugee crisis as refugees attempted to cross back through RUF territory.[130] By 2002, the United Nations estimated that three million people, or one in five people of the Mano River Union countries, were displaced.[131][132]

  • Guinea has an embassy in Monrovia.
  • Liberia has an embassy in Conakry.
 Haiti 29 June 1952 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 June 1952.[13]
  • Haiti and Liberia recognized each other in 1864.[133]
  • The two countries established treaties of friendship and commerce the same year.[133]
 India 7 July 1960 See India–Liberia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 July 1960[29]

Indian-Liberian relations have traditionally been strong and cordial with Liberia's full-fledged support for India's stand on Kashmir and India's aspiration for permanent membership on the United Nations Security Council. In recent years, both nations have developed close and extensive cooperation in trade, military and strategic fields.

Amidst India's growing role in Liberia, the Liberian Minister of Mines and Energy, Dr. Eugene Shannon visited India in October 2005 to participate in the Confederation of Indian Industry-Africa Conclave. In 2008, the President of Liberia Ellen Johnson Sirleaf was invited to visit India.[134] Major items of Indian exports include engineering goods, pharmaceuticals, two wheelers, transportation equipment, steel and plastic products. Major items of imports are gold, diamonds, timber and metal scrap. Following lifting of United Nations sanctions, timber concessions have been awarded to Indian firms. Overall, Indian investments in Liberia have been increased from US$450 million in 2005 to an estimated $2 billion in 2009.

 Iran 2 June 1975 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 June 1975[78] In 2023, an Iranian drone struck the Liberian flagged chemical tanker Chem Pluto.[137][138]
 Iraq 1980 Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1980 when has been accredited Ambassador of Iraq to Liberia, residing in Lagos M. Saffa Mohammed Ali.[87]
 Israel 22 August 1957 See Israel–Liberia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 August 1957.[16]

  • Liberia and Israel established ties in 1957 with the accreditation of Israeli ambassador Ehud Avriel.[139]
  • Liberia severed ties with Israel over the Yom Kippur War in 1973.[140]
  • Relations are re-established in 1983.[141]
  • On 8 June 2022, Liberia announced its plans to open a trade office in Jerusalem, which is to become an embassy.[141]
 Italy 5 October 1951 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 October 1951 when has been accredited first Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Italy to Liberia Mr. Umberto Campini.[12]
 Japan September 1961
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations in September 1961
  • Liberia is accredited to New Zealand from its embassy in Tokyo, Japan.[142]
 Kenya 21 May 1964 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 May 1964 when Liberia's Ambassador to Kenya, Mr. George Padmore, has presented his credentials to the Governor-General of Kenya.[45]
 Laos 12 August 2016 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 August 2016
  • Liberia is accredited to Laos through its embassy in Beijing, China.
  • Laos does not have an accreditation to Liberia.[143]
 Lebanon 1 January 1951 Both countries established diplomatic relations when Liberian and Lebanese Governments to raise their Consulates General to the status of Legations, and a proclamation was issued announcing that the change would take effect from 1 January 1951.[11] In 1957 both countries raise their Legations to status of Embassies[144]
 Libya 1 April 1974 See Liberia–Libya relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 April 1974.[70]

Liberia's relationship with Libya has been characterized by Muammar Gaddafi's attempts at bringing Liberia under greater Libyan influence. Relations under the Doe administration were poor, owing to efforts by the United States to undermine Gaddafi's leverage, and Doe's cynicism of the Libyan leader's intentions. Gaddafi financially and militarily backed rebel leader Charles Taylor, under whose regime Liberia sought closer relations with Libya. After Taylor was ousted in 2003, Liberia continued to maintain diplomatic relations with Libya, only severing them after the onset of the Libyan Civil War, and just recently reestablishing them.

 Mali 14 October 1960 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 October 1960 when established Embassy of Mali in Liberia and appointed first Chargé d'Affaires Mr. Sango Ibrahima in Monrovia[33]
 Mauritania 13 March 1967 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 March 1967 when Ambassador of Mauritania to Liberia M. Bakar Ould Ahmedou, has presented his credentials to President Tubman.[53]
 Mexico 22 June 1976 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 June 1976[83]
  • Liberia is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.[145]
  • Mexico is accredited to Liberia from its embassy in Accra, Ghana.
 Mozambique 17 December 2008 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 December 2008 when has been accredited Ambassador of Liberia to Mozambique.[98]
 Namibia 28 April 1990

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 April 1990[90]

In 1960, Liberia and Ethiopia brought litigation against apartheid South Africa in the International Court of Justice to end its illegal occupation of Namibia.[146] As part of Liberia's support for Namibia's liberation struggle, many Namibian students received Liberian passports which helped them study abroad.

As of July 2008, a total of 5,900 Namibia Defence Force troops had been rotated through Liberia as part of the United Nations Mission in Liberia.[147] Namibia maintained a battalion of about 800 personnel in Grand Cape Mount county for several years, for most of the period part of UNMIL Sector 2, headquartered at Tubmanburg. In May 2005, Namibian troops were accused of sexual exploitation of young girls and women; three Namibian soldiers were sent home from the force after a United Nations investigation found them guilty of "engaging in sexual activity with civilians", which is against United Nations rules for peacekeepers.[148]

  • Liberia is accredited to Namibia from its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa.
  • Namibia is accredited to Liberia from its high commission in Abuja, Nigeria.
 Netherlands 3 May 1949 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 May 1949.[9]

27 March 1936 has been accredited Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Liberia to the Netherlands Baron Otto van den Bogaerde van Terbrugge.[149]

  • The Netherlands recognized Liberia in 1862.[127]
  • The two countries signed a treaty of friendship, commerce, and navigation on 20 December 1862.[150]
 Nigeria 1 October 1960 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 October 1960 when the Nigerian Government has agreed to Liberia's raising the status its consulate general in Lagos to that of an Embassy on the same date.[32]
  • Liberia has an embassy in Abuja.
  • Nigeria has an embassy in Monrovia.
 Pakistan 1969 Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1969 when has been accredited Pakistan's first Ambassador to Liberia M. Ali Arshad.[56]
 Russia 7 June 1972

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 June 1972.[64]

Liberia and Russia resumed bilateral relations in March 2010 and cited a recent exploration of mine by a Russian company as a sign of future trade relations.[151]

 Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
  • Liberia began recognizing the SADR on 31 July 1985.[152]
  • Liberia revoked its recognition in September 1997.[152]
  • By 2012, Liberia had re-established relations with the SADR.[153]
 Senegal 1962 Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1962 when has been accredited Ambassador of Senegal to Liberia M. Amadou Lamine Sall.[40]
 Sierra Leone 8 June 1962

See Liberia-Sierra Leone relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 June 1962 when has been appointed first ambassador of Liberia to Sierra Leone Mr. Henry B. Fahnbulleh.[38]

The First Liberian Civil War, instigated by Charles Taylor and the National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL) on December 24, 1989, eventually spread to neighboring Sierra Leone in 1991 when dissidents of the Revolutionary United Front (RUF), led by Foday Sankoh, began using Liberia as a staging ground for NPFL backed military assaults on border towns in Sierra Leone.[129][130][131] Guinea and Sierra Leone have accused Liberia of backing rebels who have devastated their countries.[129]

  • Liberia has an embassy in Freetown.
  • Sierra Leone has an embassy in Monrovia.
 Somalia 1980 Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1980 when has been accredited Ambassador of Somalia to Liberia, residing in Dakar, M. Jaallee-Abdinur Yusuf Mohamed.[87]
 South Africa 10 January 1997 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 January 1997[93]
  • Liberia has an embassy in Pretoria.
  • South Africa has an embassy in Monrovia.
 South Korea 18 March 1964

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 March 1964[44]

In 2001 Bilateral Trade were Exports $7,350,000,000 (Ships, Automobile) Imports $1,270,000 (Used Ships, Mineral Fuel).[154]

 Spain 15 May 1950 See Liberia–Spain relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 May 1950[10]

  • Liberia is accredited to Spain from its embassy in Paris, France.
  • Spain is accredited to Liberia from its embassy in Abidjan, Ivory Coast.
 Tanzania 27 May 1966 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 May 1966 when first Ambassador of Liberia to Tanzania Henry Bima Fahnbulleh presented his credentials to President Nyerere[51]
 Togo 29 July 1960 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 July 1960 when accredited first Ambassador of Liberia to Togo Mr. John Cox.[31]
 Trinidad and Tobago 6 December 1965 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 December 1965 when was accredited first ambassador of Liberia to Trinidad and Tobago (resident in Haiti) Mr. William B. Fernandez[49]
 Turkey 1 August 1958 See Liberia–Turkey relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 August 1958[20]

 United Kingdom 1 August 1849 See Liberia–United Kingdom relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 August 1849[3]

The UK was amongst the first countries to recognise the new republic. After the visit to the UK in 1848 of President Roberts, Queen Victoria put the Royal Navy ship HMS Amazon at the disposal of him and his family, for his return journey to Liberia.[156]

In 1961, Queen Elizabeth II made a state visit to Liberia, arriving at Monrovia on the HMY Britannia.[157] President Tubman made a gift of two Pygmy hippopotamus, which arrived by cargo ship in 1962 and were sent to Whipsnade Zoo.[158]

In 1962, President Tubman and his wife visited the UK.[159]

  • Liberia has an embassy in London.
  • United Kingdom has an embassy in Monrovia.
 United States 23 February 1864 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 February 1864[5]

See Liberia–United States relations

U.S. relations with Liberia date back to 1819 when the US Congress appropriated $100,000 for the establishment of Liberia.[160] After official US recognition of Liberia in 1862, the two nations shared very close ties until strains in the 1970s due to Liberia's establishment of diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union and other Eastern Bloc countries.[161]

During the 1980s, the United States forged especially close ties with Liberia as part of a Cold War effort to suppress socialist and Marxist movements in Africa. Liberia received between $500 million and $1.3 billion during the 1980s from the United States government.[162]

The rise of Charles Taylor's government, the Liberian Civil War, regional instability and human rights abuses interrupted the previously close relations between Liberia and the United States. The United States cut direct financial and military aid to the Liberian government, withdrew Peace Corps operations, imposed a travel ban on senior Liberian Government officials, and frequently criticized Charles Taylor's government.[160][163] Due to intense pressure from the international community and the United States, Charles Taylor resigned his office on August 11, 2003.[161]

The resignation and exile of Charles Taylor in 2003 brought changes in diplomatic ties between the United States and Liberia. The United States proposed a United Nations Security Council draft resolution to authorize the deployment of a multi-national stabilization force,[164][165] and 200 marines as well as warships were sent to Monrovia's airport to support the peace-keeping effort.[166] The United States committed $1.16 billion to Liberia between 2004 and 2006.[160][167] In 2009, A 17.5 million dollar contract to support elections was offered to Liberia with International Foundation for Electoral Systems as the conduit.[168] This money is meant to support the presidential election of 2011 and the general election of 2014.[168]

 Venezuela 16 March 1965 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 March 1965
 Vietnam 28 June 2016 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 June 2016[109]
  • During the Cold War, Liberia maintained diplomatic relations with South Vietnam only.[citation needed]
  • Vietnam is accredited to Liberia through its embassy in Abuja, Nigeria.
  • Liberia is accredited to Vietnam through its embassy in Beijing, China.[169]
 Zambia 3 April 1972 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 April 1972 when first Zambian Ambassador to Liberia Mr. Siteke G. Mwale presented his credentials[62]

Diplomatic Agreements

[edit]

Liberia is a founding member of the United Nations (see Permanent Representative of Liberia to the United Nations) and its specialized agencies and is a member of the African Union (AU), Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), African Development Bank (ADB), Mano River Union (MRU) and the Non-Aligned Movement. Liberia is also a member of the International Criminal Court with a Bilateral Immunity Agreement of protection for the US-military (as covered under Article 98).[160][170]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Holloway, Joseph E. (1985). "Liberian Foreign Affairs: A Bibliographical Essay". The International History Review. 7 (3): 422–432. ISSN 0707-5332. JSTOR 40105501.
  2. ^ "Global Connections . Liberia . U.S. Policy | PBS". PBS. Retrieved 2024-04-05.
  3. ^ a b "Treaty of Friendship and Commerce between Great Britain and Liberia". Retrieved 11 December 2023.
  4. ^ a b Recueil des traités de la France, 6 (in French). p. 175.
  5. ^ a b "A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: Liberia". Office of the Historian. Retrieved 17 February 2024.
  6. ^ a b Moniteur belge journal officiel. 1872,1/2 (in French). Belgique. 1872. p. 485.
  7. ^ "Diplomatic Relations of the Holy See". Permanent Observer Mission of the Holy See to the United Nations. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
  8. ^ "Reseña histórica de la presencia chilena en África" (in Spanish). p. 9. Retrieved 14 February 2024.
  9. ^ a b Rechtsgeleerd magazin Themis (in Dutch). Tjeenk Willink. 1953. p. 388.
  10. ^ a b "Relaciones diplomáticas del Estado Espaniol" (in Spanish). p. 307. Retrieved 9 May 2023.
  11. ^ a b British Documents on Foreign Affairs: Ethiopia, Egypt, Morocco, Libya, and Africa (general), 1951. LexisNexis. 2005. p. 87.
  12. ^ a b c "I Documenti Diplomatici Italiani Undicesima Serie: 1948-1953 Volume VI (26 luglio 1951 – 30 giugno 1952)". farnesina.ipzs.it (in Italian). p. 867. Retrieved 29 October 2023.
  13. ^ a b "George Brewer, Jr., the new Liberian Minister to Haiti arrived in the Capital last Sunday and will present his credentials to the President in July". Haiti Sun. June 29, 1952. p. 4. Archived from the original on 1 November 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
  14. ^ a b "Liberia: Steckbrief". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 6 May 2023.
  15. ^ a b Liberia Today Volumes 5-7. Liberian Embassy in Washington. 1956. p. 7. Retrieved 14 February 2024.
  16. ^ a b John P. Glennon, Stanley Shaloff (1989). Africa. United States. Department of State. Office of the Historian. p. 411. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
  17. ^ "Relations bilatérales: Liberia". République Tunisienne Ministère des Affaires Étrangères (in French). Archived from the original on 2 June 2012. Retrieved 15 February 2024.
  18. ^ "Liberia: Sweden, Liberia Celebrate 65 Years of Friendship". Liberian Observer. June 7, 2023. Retrieved 15 February 2024.
  19. ^ a b News from Hsinhua News Agency Daily bulletin · Issues 170-199. 1958. p. 44.
  20. ^ a b Daily Report Foreign Radio Broadcasts · Issues 146-150. United States. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 1958. p. B-27.
  21. ^ Mensaje (in Spanish). Presidency of the Dominican Republic. 1958. p. 62.
  22. ^ a b This is Ethiopia. Ethiopia. Embassy (U.S.). 1958. p. 15.
  23. ^ a b The African & Colonial World and the Indian at Home & Overseas Volume 7. Independent Publishing Company. 1959. p. 11.
  24. ^ "Liberia: Bilateral agreements". Republic of Serbia Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
  25. ^ "President Sirleaf Receives Sovereign Order of Malta's Highest Distinction, Order por Merito Melitensi". emansion.gov.lr. 5 April 2014. Archived from the original on 26 August 2022. Retrieved 17 February 2024.
  26. ^ "Acuerdo por Notas Reversales sobre Establecimiento de Relaciones Diplomáticas entre la República Argentina y la República de Liberia". Biblioteca Digital de Tratados Argentina (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 9 May 2023. Retrieved 17 February 2024.
  27. ^ "Liberia". Royaume du Maroc Ministere des Affaires Etrangeres et de la Cooperation (in French). Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
  28. ^ "Rapport de stage effectué au Ministère des Affaires Etrangères à Kinshasa". Memoire online (in French). Retrieved 14 February 2024.
  29. ^ a b Indian Information. 1960. p. 490.
  30. ^ "No 1631. Nomination de M. René Keller en qualité d'ambassadeur extraordinaire et plénipotentiaire de la Confédération suisse au Ghana, en Guinée, au Libéria et au Togo, avec résidence à Accra; sa promotion au grade de ministre de II classe". dodis.ch (in French). Retrieved 19 May 2023.
  31. ^ a b Togo Handbook (in French). Togo Service de l'information. 1962. p. 66.
  32. ^ a b Daily Report Foreign Radio Broadcasts · Issues 181-185. United States. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 1960. p. 6.
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