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MGM-140 ATACMS

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MGM-140 ATACMS (Army Tactical Missile System)
ATACMS being launched by a M142 High Mobility Artillery Rocket System in 2012
TypeRocket artillery
Tactical ballistic missile
Place of originUnited States
Service history
In service1991–present[1]
Used by
  • Australia
  • United States
  • South Korea
  • Morocco
  • Romania
  • Greece
  • Turkey
  • Poland
  • Ukraine
  • United Arab Emirates
Wars
Production history
DesignerLing-Temco-Vought
Designed1986
ManufacturerLockheed Martin
Unit costM39: $820,000 (FY1998)[2] (or ~$1,476,000 FY2022)
M57: ~$1,700,000 (FY2021)[3]
No. built3,700[4][5]
Specifications ([7][8])
Mass3,690 pounds (1,670 kg)
Length13 feet (4.0 m)
Diameter24 inches (610 mm)
Wingspan55 inches (1.4 m)
Maximum firing range190 mi (300 km)
WarheadM74 bomblets (M39) or
214 kg (472 lb) WAU-23/B unitary warhead (M48, M57)
Flight ceiling160,000 ft (50 km)[6]
Maximum speed Supersonic, in excess of Mach 3 (0.6 mi/s; 1.0 km/s)[6]
Guidance
system
GPS-aided inertial navigation guidance
Launch
platform
M270, HIMARS

The MGM-140 Army Tactical Missile System (ATACMS; pronounced /əˈtækəmz/) is a tactical ballistic missile designed and manufactured by the US defense company Ling-Temco-Vought (LTV), and later Lockheed Martin through acquisitions. It uses solid propellant and is 13 feet (4.0 m) long and 24 inches (610 mm) in diameter, and the longest-range variants can fly up to 190 miles (300 km).[9] The missiles can be fired from the tracked M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System (MLRS) and the wheeled M142 High Mobility Artillery Rocket System (HIMARS).

An ATACMS launch container (pod) has one rocket but a lid patterned with six circles like a standard MLRS rocket lid to prevent an enemy from discerning what type of missile is loaded.[1]

History

[edit]

Pre-development

[edit]
Demonstration of firing

The concept of a conventional tactical ballistic missile was made possible by the doctrinal shift of the late Cold War, which rejected the indispensability of an early nuclear strike on the Warsaw Pact forces in the event the Cold War went hot.[10] The AirLand Battle and Follow-on Forces Attack doctrines, which emerged in the late 1970s and early 1980s, necessitated a conventional-armed (hence much more accurate) missile to strike enemy reserves, so the United States Army Aviation and Missile Command sponsored the Simplified Inertial Guidance Demonstrator (SIG-D) program.[10]

Within this program, Ling-Temco-Vought developed a solid-fuel analog of the MGM-52 Lance missile, designated T-22,[11] with a new RLG-based inertial guidance package, which demonstrated unprecedented accuracy.[10] In 1978, DARPA started the Assault Breaker technology demonstration program to attack armor formations with many mobile hard targets at standoff ranges. It used the T-22 missile and the Patriot-based Martin Marietta T-16 missile with cluster warheads.

Development

[edit]

Development of the missile now known as ATACMS started in 1980, when the U.S. Army decided to replace the Lance with a similar nuclear, but also chemical or biological, tipped solid-fuel missile dubbed the Corps Support Weapon System (CSWS). Concerned that two branches were developing too many similar missiles with different warheads, the Department of Defense merged the program with DARPA's Assault Breaker in 1981, and with United States Air Force (USAF)'s Conventional Standoff Weapon (CSW) in 1982–1983.[12]

The new missile system, designated Joint Tactical Missile System (JTACMS), soon encountered USAF resistance to the idea of an air-launched ballistic missile. As a result, in 1984 the USAF ended its participation in the non-cruise missile portion of the program, leading to the missile being redesignated as the Army Tactical Missile System (ATACMS).[12]

Production

[edit]

In March 1986, Ling-Temco-Vought won the contract for the missile design. The system was assigned the MGM-140 designation. The first test launch came two years later, thanks to earlier experience of the company with previous programs.

In 2007, the U.S. Army terminated the ATACMS program due to cost, ending the ability to replenish stocks. To sustain the remaining inventory, the ATACMS Service Life Extension Program (SLEP) was launched, which refurbishes or replaces propulsion and navigation systems, replaces cluster munition warheads with the unitary blast fragmentation warhead, and adds a proximity fuze option to obtain area effects. Deliveries were projected to start in 2018. The ATACMS SLEP is a bridging initiative to provide time to complete analysis and development of a successor capability to the aging ATACMS stockpile, which could be ready around 2022.[needs update][13]

The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2023 authorized the production and procurement of up to 1,700 additional ATACMS, but this was not funded by the 2023 Defense Appropriations Act.[14][15][needs update]

Stockpile upgrades

[edit]

In January 2015, Lockheed Martin received a contract to develop and test new hardware for Block I ATACMS missiles to eliminate the risk of unexploded ordnance by 2016.[4][5] The first modernized Tactical Missile System (TACMS) was delivered in September 2016 with updated guidance electronics and added capability to defeat area targets using a unitary warhead, without leaving behind unexploded ordnance.[16][17] Lockheed was awarded a production contract for launch assemblies as part of the SLEP in August 2017.[18] In 2021, Lockheed Martin was contracted to upgrade existing M39 munitions to the M57 variant with a WDU-18/B warhead from the Harpoon missile by 2024.[19]

A plan announced in October 2016 to add an existing seeker to enable the ATACMS to strike moving targets on land and at sea[20] was terminated in December 2020 to pursue other missile efforts.[21]

Replacement

[edit]

Starting from 2016, in-view of some lagging in world arms race, where ATACMS become outdated, Long-Range Precision Fires (LRPF) began to be developed[22], which later was renamed to Precision Strike Missile (PrSM), suggesting to replace ATACMS missiles on the phase (version) "Increment 1" of PrSM[23][24][25]. That exact replacement began to fill the U.S. Army at the late 2023.[26]

Versions

[edit]
  • M39 (Block I/Block 1, MGM-140 [initially] or MGM-140A [later])[27] missile with inertial guidance. It carries 950 M74 anti-personnel and anti‑materiel bomblets, each about the size of a baseball[28] and weighing 1.3 lb (0.59 kg),[2] which are dispersed across a circular area approximately 677 feet (206 m) in diameter, covering 360,000 square feet (33,000 m2) in total and effective against parked aircraft, ammunition dumps, air defense systems, and gatherings of personnel, but not against armored vehicles.[29] The size of the affected area can be changed by modifying the height at which the payload is released.[30] Range of Block I is 25–165 km (15-100 mi).[31] The M74 has a reported failure rate of 2%,[32] or 19 for each M39 missile fired. Video is available of a U.S. Army test of the M39 at a mock airfield.[33][34][35]
    • NATACMS - A ship-launched ATACMS variant for the U.S. Navy, was under development at 1990s and even twice was tested at the early 1995: first - from the ground at the White Sands Missile Range and the second - from the flight deck of USS Mount Vernon (LSD-39) using a modified Army M270 tracked vehicle at a target 75 nautical miles (86 mi) distant on San Clemente Island off Southern California. Last testing missile carried 730 Mk 74 (probably meaning M74 munition) submunitions and achieved a scatter pattern bracketing the target vehicle (including three direct hits) located at the aim point. Despite all test objectives were met or even exceeded development has later been cancelled by unknown reasons. Same way that missile's any other designation information is also unknown.[36][37][38]
    • M39A1 (Block IA/Block 1A, MGM-140B)[39] missile with GPS-aided guidance. It carries 300 M74 bomblets. There were 610 produced between 1997 and 2003. During Operation Iraqi Freedom, 74 were fired at Iraqi targets.[40][41] The remaining ones are being updated to M57E1 missiles.[42][43] The M39A1 and later variants can only be used with the M270A1 (or variants thereof) and M142 launchers. Range: 20–300 kilometres (12–186 mi).[44][45]
      • M48 (Block I/Block 1 Unitary [initially] Block 4 [later][46], Quick Reaction Unitary [QRU], MGM-140E [initially] or MGM-168A)[47] is a variant of MGM-140B ATACMS Block IA[48], a High-Explosive (HE), single-stage, Solid-Propellant (SP), Inertial-Navigation-System (INS)/GPS guided, missile containing the Quick Reaction Unitary (QRU) warhead[49], missile with GPS-aided guidance. It carries the 500-pound (230 kg) WDU-18/B penetrating high explosive blast fragmentation warhead of the US Navy's Harpoon anti-ship missile, which was packaged into the newly designed WAU-23/B warhead section. There were 176 produced between 2001 and 2004, when production ceased in favor of the M57. Operational since 2002[50]. During Operation Iraqi Freedom, 16 were fired at Iraqi targets and a further 42 were fired during Operation Enduring Freedom.[40][41] The remaining ones are in the US Army and US Marine Corps' arsenal. Range: 70–300 km (43–186 mi).
      • M57 (Block IA/Block 1A Quick Reaction Unitary[51], TACMS 2000 or T2K[52] or MGM-140E [initially] or MGM-168A [later]) - is, in fact, same missile as M48, so then having exactly the same designation, with reduced production costs up to $100000 per missile with use of so called "TACMS 2000" program[53]. M39A1-based upgraded missile with GPS-aided guidance. It carries the same WAU-23/B warhead section as the M48. There were 513 produced between 2004 and 2013.[40][41] Accuracy is 9 m (30 ft) CEP (Circular Error Probable). Range: 70–300 km (43–186 mi).[54]
      • M57E1 (TACMS MOD or MOD [modification, modified][55] or MGM-140E [initially] or MGM-168A [later]) - is, in fact, same missile as M48, so then having exactly the same designation, with only difference it was not produced from scratch but "refubishing" (modifying) obsolete M39 and M39A1 missiles[56] missile with GPS-aided guidance. M57E1 is the designation for upgraded M39 and M39A1 with re-grained motor, updated navigation and guidance software and hardware, and a WAU-23/B warhead section instead of the M74 bomblets. This variant includes a proximity sensor for airburst detonation.[42] Production commenced in 2017 with an initial order for 220.[40][41]
    • M39A2 (Block II/Block 2, MGM-140C [initially] or MGM-164/MGM-164A [later]) High-Explosive (HE), single-stage, Solid-Propellant (SP), carrier, Inertial-Navigation-System (INS)/GPS guided missile used to dispense Brilliant Anti-armour Technology (BAT) submunitions. Has the same INS/GPS guidance system as the MGM-140B but carried 13 x BAT submunitions in the enlarged warhead section[57][58][59][60]. The MGM-164A is a designation of the same MGM-140C but produced after applying by Lockheed Martin a "TACMS 2000" (or "TACMS block II program" regarding Block 2 missiles) program that believed to crusially lower the production cost of each missile by $100000[61], but not at the expense of BAT munitions[62].
      • The MGM-140D [initially] or MGM-164B [later] (Block IIA/Block 2A) that was firstly believed to be some sort of upgrade of the MGM-140B ATACMS Block IA missile "with numerous structural improvements".[63] subsequently become known as same way improved version of exactly MGM-140C (Block II) with same BAT ordnance, but long-ranged. BAT programs (MGM-140C and MGM-140D) was cancelled totally at 2003.[64][65]
    • M39A3 (P [Penetrator][66], Block III/Block 3) 220-km ranged High-Explosive (HE, 120 kg warhead), single-stage, Solid-Propellant (SP), Inertial-Navigation-System (INS)/GPS guided, missile used to deliver a Manoeuvrable Re-entry Vehicle (MARV) and penetrator warhead, which is MGM-140B Block 1A (M39A1) missile with a Mk 4 Manoeuvrable Re-entry Vehicle (MARV) as used in the UGM-96 Trident C-4 strategic missile system. It was developed with program starting at 2001 but terminated at 2004 after first prototype tested, which after never went into production by unknown reasons.[67][68]
  • MGM-140F is believed to be the last known designation of some of new ATACMS variant or upgrade while ATACMS in production (up to 2007), that had place in January 2003, but no more detailed information were ever revealed[69][70].

Comparison

[edit]
Specifications[71][72]
M39 Block I M39A1 Block I M48 QRU M57 Block IA Unitary
Mass 1,667 kg (3,675 lb) 1,318 kg (2,906 lb) (est) Unknown Unknown
Length 3.975 m (13 ft 0.5 in)
Diameter 610 mm (24 in)
Guidance
type 		INS GPS aided INS
Warhead 950 x M74 bomblets[note 1] 300 x M74 bomblets WAU-23/B unitary warhead
Warhead
weight 		591 kg (1,303 lb) 174 kg (384 lb) 214 kg (472 lb)
Fuze M74 APAM bomblets each initiated by an M219A1E1 fuze FMU 141/B point detonating fuze Tri-mode (point detonating, proximity, and delay) fuze
Motor Solid-propellant rocket motor
Max speed Mach 3 (1,000 m/s; 3,300 ft/s) Unknown Unknown Unknown
Min range 25 km (16 mi) 70 km (43 mi)
Max range 165 km (103 mi) 300 km (190 mi) 270 km (170 mi) 300 km (190 mi)

Operation

[edit]

The ATACMS was first used in combat in 1991: 32 were fired from the M270 MLRS during Operation Desert Storm.[74] In 2003, more than 450 were fired in Operation Iraqi Freedom.[75] As of early 2015, more than 560 ATACMS missiles had been used in combat.[4][5]

Starting from October 2023 Ukraine constantly using earliest (short-ranged) versions of ATACMS while Russian invasion take place,[76], where these missiles threatened entirely the Russia-occupied so called "land corridor" to Crimea in southern part of main land of Ukraine[77] as one as vast majority of the Russian-operated air bases at the north of same way occupied Crimea, which significantly complicated use of attack helicopters, previously based there, by Russia against Ukrainian targets on the mainland.[29][34]

Starting from 19 February 2024 there were rumors about possible near-future use of later (longer-ranged) versions of ATACMS by Ukraine[78], which became a fact at in 2 months, when ATACMS missile attack to the Russian-occupied Dzhankoi air base, - which was positioned much further from nearest Ukraine-controlled territory then earliest version of ATACMS' strike range, - resulted six main explosions and multiple secondary ones were reported.[79], and was officially approved within a week, when were told Ukraine already had it being received and combat ready a month ago.[80][81][82][83][84][85]

June, 23th, 2024 there tragic incident happened during attack on Sevastopol, where Russian Air Defence counter-measures vs multiple ATACMS missiles attack resulted 2 to 4 dead and more 150 injured civilians, when no any air raid warning had place and therefore all civilians resting on local beach had no any clue about approaching of potential threat and no way reacted to avoid it.[86][87].

EW vs usability

[edit]

The ATACMS uses multiple inertial navigation units knitted together with software, so it is able to maintain accuracy when GPS is lost from Russian electronic warfare better than other GPS-guided weapons.[88]

Reverse engineering

[edit]

On July, 1st, 2024, Russia claimed to have recovered an ATACMS missile guidance system intact and Russian officials are studying the guidance system to "identify any weak spots".[89]

Operators

[edit]
Operators:
  Current
  Future

Contracted

[edit]
  •  Australia: In May 2022, Australia ordered 20 M142 HIMARS launchers for the Australian Army with 10 M57 ATACMS unitary rockets and other MLRS munitions in an AU$545m (US$385m) contract.[108][needs update]
  •  Estonia: A request to buy up to 18 M57 ATACMS was approved in July 2022.[109]
  •  Latvia: A request to buy 10 M57 ATACMS missile pods was approved in October 2023.[110]
  •  Lithuania: A request to buy 18 M57 ATACMS missile pods was approved in November 2022.[111]
  •  Morocco: Ordered 18 M142 HIMARS launchers with 40 M57 ATACMS missile pods along with other MLRS munitions (M30A2 , M31A2) for an estimated cost of 524 million USD in April 2023.[112]
  •  Taiwan: In October 2020, the U.S. State Department approved the sale of 64 M57 ATACMS to Taiwan.[113][needs update]

Discarded

[edit]

See also

[edit]

Comparable missiles

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ The M74 APAM (Anti‐Personnel Anti‐Matériel) bomblet weighs 590 g (21 oz) and is 58.9 mm (2.32 in) in diameter. It has a Composition B High‐Explosive shaped charge. It is initiated by an M219A1E1 fuze with a booster pellet which also creates an incendiary effect, and is surrounded by a tungsten fragmenting wall.[71][73]

References

[edit]
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