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Closure with a twist

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Closure with a twist is a property of subsets of an algebraic structure. A subset of an algebraic structure is said to exhibit closure with a twist if for every two elements

there exists an automorphism of and an element such that

where "" is notation for an operation on preserved by .

Two examples of algebraic structures which exhibit closure with a twist are the cwatset and the generalized cwatset, or GC-set.

Cwatset

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In mathematics, a cwatset is a set of bitstrings, all of the same length, which is closed with a twist.

If each string in a cwatset, C, say, is of length n, then C will be a subset of . Thus, two strings in C are added by adding the bits in the strings modulo 2 (that is, addition without carry, or exclusive disjunction). The symmetric group on n letters, , acts on by bit permutation:

where is an element of and p is an element of . Closure with a twist now means that for each element c in C, there exists some permutation such that, when you add c to an arbitrary element e in the cwatset and then apply the permutation, the result will also be an element of C. That is, denoting addition without carry by , C will be a cwatset if and only if

This condition can also be written as

Examples

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  • All subgroups of — that is, nonempty subsets of which are closed under addition-without-carry — are trivially cwatsets, since we can choose each permutation pc to be the identity permutation.
  • An example of a cwatset which is not a group is
F = {000,110,101}.

To demonstrate that F is a cwatset, observe that

F + 000 = F.
F + 110 = {110,000,011}, which is F with the first two bits of each string transposed.
F + 101 = {101,011,000}, which is the same as F after exchanging the first and third bits in each string.
  • A matrix representation of a cwatset is formed by writing its words as the rows of a 0-1 matrix. For instance a matrix representation of F is given by

To see that F is a cwatset using this notation, note that

where and denote permutations of the rows and columns of the matrix, respectively, expressed in cycle notation.

  • For any another example of a cwatset is , which has -by- matrix representation

Note that for , .

  • An example of a nongroup cwatset with a rectangular matrix representation is

Properties

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Let be a cwatset.

  • The degree of C is equal to the exponent n.
  • The order of C, denoted by |C|, is the set cardinality of C.
  • There is a necessary condition on the order of a cwatset in terms of its degree, which is

analogous to Lagrange's Theorem in group theory. To wit,

Theorem. If C is a cwatset of degree n and order m, then m divides .

The divisibility condition is necessary but not sufficient. For example, there does not exist a cwatset of degree 5 and order 15.

Generalized cwatset

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In mathematics, a generalized cwatset (GC-set) is an algebraic structure generalizing the notion of closure with a twist, the defining characteristic of the cwatset.

Definitions

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A subset H of a group G is a GC-set if for each , there exists a such that .

Furthermore, a GC-set HG is a cyclic GC-set if there exists an and a such that where and for all .

Examples

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  • Any cwatset is a GC-set, since implies that .
  • Any group is a GC-set, satisfying the definition with the identity automorphism.
  • A non-trivial example of a GC-set is where .
  • A nonexample showing that the definition is not trivial for subsets of is .

Properties

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  • A GC-set HG always contains the identity element of G.
  • The direct product of GC-sets is again a GC-set.
  • A subset HG is a GC-set if and only if it is the projection of a subgroup of Aut(G)G, the semi-direct product of Aut(G) and G.
  • As a consequence of the previous property, GC-sets have an analogue of Lagrange's Theorem: The order of a GC-set divides the order of Aut(G)G.
  • If a GC-set H has the same order as the subgroup of Aut(G)G of which it is the projection then for each prime power which divides the order of H, H contains sub-GC-sets of orders p,,...,. (Analogue of the first Sylow Theorem)
  • A GC-set is cyclic if and only if it is the projection of a cyclic subgroup of Aut(G)G.

References

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  • Sherman, Gary J.; Wattenberg, Martin (1994), "Introducing … cwatsets!", Mathematics Magazine, 67 (2): 109–117, doi:10.2307/2690684, JSTOR 2690684.
  • The Cwatset of a Graph, Nancy-Elizabeth Bush and Paul A. Isihara, Mathematics Magazine 74, #1 (February 2001), pp. 41–47.
  • On the symmetry groups of hypergraphs of perfect cwatsets, Daniel K. Biss, Ars Combinatorica 56 (2000), pp. 271–288.
  • Automorphic Subsets of the n-dimensional Cube, Gareth Jones, Mikhail Klin, and Felix Lazebnik, Beiträge zur Algebra und Geometrie 41 (2000), #2, pp. 303–323.
  • Daniel C. Smith (2003)RHIT-UMJ, RHIT [1]