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Carinus

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Carinus
Statue of Carinus
Over life-sized head of Carinus, Centrale Montemartini[1]
Roman emperor
ReignSpring 283 – July 285
PredecessorCarus
SuccessorDiocletian (in competition with Carinus from 284)
Co-emperorsCarus (283)
Numerian (283–284)
DiedJuly 285
River Margus, Moesia
SpouseMagnia Urbica
IssueNigrinianus (disputed, possibly adopted)
Names
Marcus Aurelius Carinus[2]
Regnal name
Imperator Caesar Marcus Aurelius Carinus Augustus[3]
FatherCarus
A Roman radiate produced in 283 depicting Emperor Carinus. From the collection of York Museums Trust. Legend: M. AVR. CARINVS NOB. CAES.

Marcus Aurelius Carinus (died 285) was Roman Emperor from 283 to 285. The eldest son of the Emperor Carus, he was first appointed Caesar in late 282, then given the title of Augustus in early 283, and made co-emperor of the western part of the Empire by his father.[4] Official accounts of his character and career, which portray him as dissolute and incompetent, have been filtered through the propaganda of his successful opponent Diocletian.

Reign

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After the death of Emperor Probus in a spontaneous mutiny by the army in 282, his praetorian prefect, Carus, ascended to the throne. When he left for the Persian war, he elevated his two sons to the title of Caesar. The elder, Carinus, was left to manage the affairs of the West in his absence, and was later elevated to the rank of Augustus, while the younger, Numerian, accompanied his father to the East.[5]

Carinus acquitted himself well, at least at first, showing some merit in suppressing unrest in Gaul and against the Quadi,[6][7] but the young emperor soon left the defence of the Upper Rhine to his legates and returned to Rome, where the surviving accounts, which demonise him, claim he indulged in all manner of extravagance and excess.[4] He is said to have married and divorced nine different women during his short reign in Rome and to have made his private life notorious. He is said to have persecuted many who he felt had treated him with insufficient respect before his elevation, to have alienated the Senate by his open dislike and contempt, and to have prostituted the imperial dignity with the various low entertainments he introduced at court.[8]

When Carus heard of his son's behaviour in the capital, he declared his intention of removing him from office and replacing him with Constantius Chlorus, who was already known for his ability and virtue. Carus, however, died soon afterwards in the midst of the Persian War, and his two sons jointly succeeded him.

On his return to Rome, Carinus organised the annual games, the Ludi Romani, on an unprecedented scale.[9][4][10] At the same time, Numerian was forced to abandon his father's ambitious campaign in the east by the soldiers, who were superstitious about Carus' death, supposedly caused by a bolt of lightning.[6]

Numerian led his army back to Rome, where a triumph awaited him, leaving the Persians astonished at the inexplicable retreat of a victorious army. Numerian's health, however, was broken by the climate, and unable to bear the heat of the sun, he was carried on a covered litter on the march. Arrius Aper, the praetorian prefect, took charge in his name, but his ambitious temper aroused the troops' suspicions. At Heraclea in Thrace, they broke into the imperial tent and found Numerian dead. Diocletian, commander of the bodyguard, confirmed that Numerian had been murdered by the Praefect, and after executing the Praefect, he was proclaimed Emperor by the soldiers.[11][4][12]

Carinus immediately left Rome and headed east to meet Diocletian. On his way through Pannonia he overthrew the usurper Sabinus Julianus and in July 285 met Diocletian's army at the Battle of the Margus River (modern Morava River) in Moesia.[7][4]

Death in 285

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Historians disagree about what happened next. According to one account, his troops prevailed at the Battle of the Margus River, but Carinus was murdered by a tribune whose wife he had seduced.[7][13] Another account describes the battle as a complete victory for Diocletian and claims that Carinus' army deserted him. This account may be supported by the fact that Diocletian kept Carinus' Praetorian Guard commander, Titus Claudius Aurelius Aristobulus, in service.[7][4]

Character

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Carinus has the reputation of being one of the worst Roman emperors.[4] This infamy may have been encouraged by Diocletian. The unreliable Historia Augusta has Carinus marrying nine wives. After his death, Carinus' memory was officially condemned in the Roman procedure known as damnatio memoriae. His name and that of his wife were erased from inscriptions.[14]

Family tree

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Marcus Claudius Tacitus
Roman Emperor
275-276
previous
Florianus
Roman Emperor
276
Probus
Roman Emperor
276-282

Carus
Roman Emperor
282-283
next
Diocletian
Roman Emperor
284-305
Prisca

Carinus
Roman Emperor
282-284
Magnia Urbica
Numerian
co-emperor 282-284
Galeria Valeria

References

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Primary sources

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Secondary sources

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  1. ^ Monumenta Graeca et Romana: Mutilation and transformation : damnatio memoriae and Roman imperial portraiture. BRILL. 1 January 2004. pp. 212, 405. ISBN 978-90-04-13577-2.
  2. ^ Jones, A. H. M.; Martindale, J. R.; Morris, J. (1971). The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire Volume 1: A.D. 260–395. Cambridge University Press. p. 181. ISBN 0-521-07233-6.
  3. ^ Cooley, Alison E. (2012). The Cambridge Manual of Latin Epigraphy. Cambridge University Press. p. 501. ISBN 978-0-521-84026-2.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domainChisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Carinus, Marcus Aurelius". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 337.
  5. ^ Edward Gibbon, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, (The Modern Library, 1932), ch. XXII., p. 293
  6. ^ a b Gibbon, p. 296
  7. ^ a b c d Leadbetter, William (8 August 2023). Carinus (283–285 A.D.).
  8. ^ Gibbon, pp. 296, 297
  9. ^ Spence, H. Donald M. (2003). Early Christianity and Paganism. Kessinger Publishing. pp. 391–392. ISBN 0-7661-3068-1.
  10. ^ Gibbon, pp. 297-300
  11. ^ Pohlsander, Hans A. (1996). Constantine. Routledge. p. 6. ISBN 0-415-31938-2.
  12. ^ Gibbon, pp. 301, 302
  13. ^ Gibbon, p. 302
  14. ^ Varner, Eric R. (2004). Mutilation and Transformation: Damnatio Memoriae and Roman Imperial Portraiture. Brill Academic Publishers. p. 212. ISBN 90-04-13577-4.

In literature

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  • Mor Jokai's A Christian but a Roman is set in Carinus' Rome
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Regnal titles
Preceded by Roman emperor
283–285
With: Carus (283) and Numerian (283–284)
Succeeded by
Political offices
Preceded by
Probus ,
Victorinus
Consul of the Roman Empire
283–285
with Carus,
Numerian ,
Diocletian,
Bassus,
T. Claudius Aurelius Aristobulus
Succeeded by